Machine screws are one of the more widely used products among dozens of standard fastener types. They can be either coarse-threaded or fine-threaded, and are usually available with a wide range of head types. Usually stronger than many other screw types, they are used for fastening metal parts and panels securely together in a range of construction and other applications including aerospace, machinery, vehicles, engines, tool assemblies, electronic devices, and large-scale industrial equipment. 

Sourced from quality producers,  machine screws are offered as part of our own branded (AVIATIONEU NEW ERA) product lines conforming to aerospace/military or industrial standards/specifications.  They come in different sizes, head types, materials and thread gradings. Countersunk screws allow the head of the screw to sit flush with or below the surface of the surrounding material. They may also be used to remove the burr left from a drilling or tapping operation thereby improving the finish of the product and removing any hazardous sharp edges.

AVIATIONEU NEW ERA AN503 series of machine (non structural) screws are aeronautical standard coarse thread slotted fillister drilled head screws meeting MIL-S-6050 specifications. They are manufactured from steel and cadmium plated to specification Type I Class 3. These screws feature 125,000 psi tensile strength, they are offered in different sizes in inches and they are sold in pieces. For more information, please refer to the supplied documentation or contact us.

Steel alloy 4130 (ST4130), aka Chrome Moly, after the 2 key composition elements, chromium & molybdenum, is a general-purpose alloy steel widely used by the aviation and motorsports industries due to its weldability, fabrication, and mild hardenability in all offered forms (tubes, bars/rods, sheets and plates). Available in two material states (Normalized and Annealed) depending on the process of how the material is heated and cooled. The Normalized condition (aka "Condition N") is the harder and stronger condition, best used when forming is not needed while the Annealed condition (aka "Condition A") is the softer and formable condition.

4130 steel bars/rods are offered as part of our own branded (AVIATIONEU NEW ERA) product lines. Sourced from quality producers, most of these bars/rods are produced as “Cold Finished Normalized,” (aka “Condition D4”), unless otherwise specified. They are offered in round, rectangullar (flat), square, and hex shapes, in different dimesions in inches and cut to order (CTO) lengths in feet (*) and meet several AMS specifications, most common being AMS-S-6758 and AMS- 6348. Widely used in a variety of applications due to their excellent strength to weight ratio,weldability by all conventional methods and resistance to scaling and oxidation. 

Unless otherwise mentioned, there is additional cost if manufacturing test reports are required. For additional information, please refer to the supplied documentation, the individual product presentations or contact us.

(*) As per vendors' requirements, certain 4130 steel bars/rods are ONLY SOLD in 3 feet increments, i.e. cut lengths can only be set to 3, 6, 9 feet etc. as mentioned in the respectivel product presentations. In this case, appearing prices are per 3 feet length and the Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ) is 3 pieces for each of selected rod/bar. Required cut lengths should be specified at the time of ordering.

All aircraft develop fuel leaks at one time or another which can ground an aircraft for unspecified time intervals. Fuel leaks are considered to be one of the most time consuming maintenance tasks required on an aircraft. Fuel line leak testers are intended to check leakages in fuel lines and assist maintenance personnel of Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) facilities to detect and repair them. AVIATIONEU NEW ERA fuel line leak testers are offered as  part of our own label product portfolio of Aircraft MRO Equipment. For more information and a quotation please contact us.

Machine screws are one of the more widely used products among dozens of standard fastener types. They can be either coarse-threaded or fine-threaded, and are usually available with a wide range of head types. Usually stronger than many other screw types, they are used for fastening metal parts and panels securely together in a range of construction and other applications including aerospace, machinery, vehicles, engines, tool assemblies, electronic devices, and large-scale industrial equipment. 

Sourced from quality producers,  machine screws are offered as part of our own branded (AVIATIONEU NEW ERA) product lines conforming to aerospace/military or industrial standards/specifications.  They come in different sizes, head types, materials and thread gradings. Countersunk screws allow the head of the screw to sit flush with or below the surface of the surrounding material. They may also be used to remove the burr left from a drilling or tapping operation thereby improving the finish of the product and removing any hazardous sharp edges.

AVIATIONEU NEW ERA MS35206 and MS35207 series of machine (non structural) screws are mil spec pan head cross recessed (Phillips) screws, manufactured from carbon steel and are cadmium plated to specification QQ-P-416, Type 2, Class 3. MS35206 series machine screws feature 60,000 psi min. tensile strength and can be used as replacements for AN526 truss head & AN515 round head screws. MS35207 series machine screws are fine threaded have a minimum tensile strength of 55,000 psi and replace the AN507R series. Both MS35206 and MS35207 series machine screws are offered in different diameters, thread sizes and lengths in inches and they are sold in pieces. For more information, please refer to the individual product presentations, the supplied documentation or contact us.

AVIATIONEU NEW ERA Hexagon Socket Head Screws are made of Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel with a Black Oxide or Galvanized finish (depending on the P/N) and a strength class of 4.8 or other as specified by the letter "S" in the P/N. They are fully threaded, coarse type, and produced by certified manufacturers in accordance with DIN 7984 standard. They are offered in competitive prices in different diameters ("M" designated), indicating the screw's diameter in mm and lengths in mm. The thread pitch (the distance between threads measured along the length of the screw) expressed in mm is indicated by the "P" designation in the P/N. Sold in packs of 500, 250 or  50 pieces depending on the selected product. The number of pieces included in each pack is mentioned after "PK" designation.

The AL2024 aluminum alloy (with copper as the primary alloying element) is often referred to as aerospace grade aluminum as it is often used in aircraft structural applications due to its high strength and fatigue resistance.  It is suitable for applications requiring high stress and strain resistance. The AL2024 aluminum alloy is stronger but less versatile than AL6061 alloy, which is more corrosion resistant, easier to weld, and more suited to machining, but less strong than the AL7075 alloy, also commonly used in the aerospace industry.

AL2024 aluminum alloy sheets are offered as part of AVIATIONEU NEW ERA product lines. They come as Annealed (O Temper) without heat treatment or as heat treated to attain their maximum strength. Heat treated sheets are available in vatious T tempers (such as T3,T4,T5,T6 and T651) for use in a range of aviation and industrial applications (*). Sourced from quality producers, AVIATIONEU NEW ERA heat treated AL2024 alloy aluminum sheets are mostly offered for cut to order in different thicknesses, widths and lengths, consisting a cost effective solution when large quantities of such sheets are demanded. Unit of sale is 1 Ton (US or Metric as specified) with Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ) 1 Ton. Sea/sea-surface transport to customer destinationcan be provided. Approximate time for shipping: usually 1-2 months from the time of order payment depending on the ordered quantity. Appearing price is indicative per unit of sale.  

For additional information, please refer to our attached Brief Guide on Aluminum Grades & Temper Designations, the individual product presentations or contact us and quotation.

(*) All aluminum alloys, regardless of product form, are classified as either heat-treatable or non heat-treatable, depending upon the method used to attain their maximum strength. The modification methods applied to heat- and non heat-treatable alloys are listed in the Temper Designation System.

AVIATIONEU NEW ERA ASTM A193 Grade B6 Series stainless steel stud bolts are manufactured from the ferritic grade AISI 410 stainless steel and can be heat-treated and machined to minimum of 110-ksi or 760 Mpa tensile strength. Like other fasteners in this seies, apart from their high tensile strength, they exhibit excellent resistance to corrosion, durability as well as a long functional work life. They can be used in different applications in industries that demand high tensile strength and corrosion resistance. Sourced by certified manufacturers they are competively priced and offered in different diameters and lengths. Sold by the piece (pc.) in increments of 10 pieces with Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ) 100 pieces. Appearing price is for reference only and differentiates based on wanted bolt sizes. Please contact us for a quotation.

AL5052 is an aluminium alloy, with magnesium and chromium as the primary alloying elements. Although It is non heat-treatable, it is the highest strength alloy of other non-heat-treatable grades also featuring an excellent weldability using most common techniques, high resistance to marine atmoshpere and salt water corrosion, smooth surface, lightweight and high-tensile strength. This alloy is comparable to the 6061 aluminum alloy (AL6061). 

AL5052-O aluminum alloy Annealed round tubes are offered as part of our own branded (AVIATIONEU NEW ERA) product and can be used for low and medium pressure hydraulic systems, fuel lines and oil lines. They withstand a higher pressure than 3003-0 tubing and can be gas, arc and resitance welded and coiled.  They meet WW-T-700/4, AMS 4070M and ASTM-B-210-12 specifications. Sourced from quality producers, they are offered in different outer diameters and wall thicknesses in inches and pre cut lengths of 6 feet and in 6 ft increments each. Cuts to smaller lenghts may be arranged with the supplier providing that minimum order quantity requirements are observed. They are also offered as ALCLAD for the enhancement of their corrosion-resistance (please refer to the separate product presentation). There is additional cost if manufacturing test reports are required. For additional information, please refer to our attached Brief Guide on Aluminum Grades & Temper Designations, the supplied documentation or contact us for quotation.

These AVIATIONEU NEW ERA hexagon locking nuts comform with ASTM A194 standard specification for carbon, alloy and stainless steel nuts used in high pressure, temperature or other special-purpose applications. They can be indicatively used in the process industries, such as petroleum and chemicals for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fittings. Sourced by certified manufacturers these nuts are competitively priced and offered in metric (M3 - M36 diameter) or inch (3/16" - 1.1/2") sizes, different thread types and grade range to meet respective design, service conditions, mechanical properties, and high temperature requirements. Please refer to ASTM A194  specification table for additional information. Sold in packs of 100 pcs each.  Appearing price is for reference only per pack. Please contact us for a quotation.

AN hex head bolts in different series are offered under AVIATIONEU NEW ERA product series. Sourced from quality vendors, these bolts are manufactured to the US Army-Navy (AN) standard, predecessor to Mil-Spec (MS), superseded by the National Aerospace Standard (NAS). Commonly used in aviation for either tensile/shear load applications. Made from high-strength type 4037 or 8740 alloy steel or 431 Stainless Steel (CRES) and cadmium plated for superior corrosion resistance (compared to commercial grade zinc plated bolts) they are offered with shank drilled for cotter pin or undrilled for stop nut application, and with a drilled head for safety wire or without. Minimum Tensile Strength (Steel and CRES) - 125,000psi. The length of AN aircraft bolts is measured from under the head to the end of the shank. The "grip" is the unthreaded portion of the shank. Threads are pressed into the steel, not cut, thus maintaining strength throughout the entire shank. The surface under the head of AN bolts is designed to be a bearing surface to reduce non-uniform stress as the bolt is torqued thus reducing premature fatigue. The following letters are used in the product part  numbers.

"A" after the dash number for bolts with undrilled shank

"C"  for bolts made of 431 Stainless Steel (CRES)

"H" after the AN number for bolts with drilled head (eg. AN8H-15)

 AN3 through AN20 Series bolts are superseded by NASM3 through 20 Series. The part numbers in both series have not been changed. 

Specification Details:

AN3 through AN20 (REV. 12), Military Specification Sheet: Bolt -Machine, Aircraft [superseded by NASM3 through 20]. This specification covers aircraft machine bolts part numbers, AN3, AN4, AN5, AN6, AN7, AN8, AN9, AN10, AN14, AN16, AN17, AN18, and AN20. AN3 THRU AN20  is canceled and superseded by NASM3 THRU NASM20. The Part Identification Number (PIN) for AN3 THRU AN20 REV. 12 and the part number for NASM3 THRU NASM20 are identical. The part numbers have not been changed.

Aluminum alloy 7075 (AL7075) is another "aircraft grade" aluminum with zinc and copper as its major alloying elements. Like aluminum alloy 2024 ((AL2024), AL7075 is a flexible and durable aluminum alloy extremely useful in highly stressed parts. Typically used in aerospace and defense, automotive, manufacturing and other applications requiring lighter weight and durable materials. This alloy is one of the strongest alloys available and is comparable to many types of steel featuring a high strength, low density (high strength-to-weight ratio), but also thermal properties and ability to be polished which makes AL7075 a preferred choice for the mold making industry. 

AL7075 aluminum alloy sheets are offered as part of AVIATIONEU NEW ERA product lines. Sourced from quality producers, they come in T6/T651 tempers (heat treated) and offered for cut to order in different thicknesses, widths and lengths, consisting a cost effective solution when large quantities of such sheets are demanded. Unit of sale is 1 Ton (US or Metric as specified) with Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ) 1 Ton. Sea/sea-surface transport to customer destinationcan be provided. Approximate time for shipping: usually 1-2 months from the time of order payment depending on the ordered quantity. Appearing price is indicative per unit of sale.  

For additional information, please refer to our attached Brief Guide on Aluminum Grades & Temper Designations, the individual product presentations or contact us for quotation.

NAS machine bolts are commonly used in aircraft, space shuttles, military vehicles, drones, and other high-performance applications. They are offered in different series to meet application requirements. NAS6203 through NAS6210 series include hex head, close tolerance, alloy steel, short thread, self-locking & non-locking bolts.

Sourced from quality producers, NAS6203 through NAS6210 series are offered as part of our own branded (AVIATIONEU NEW ERA) product lines. These fine-threaded, dimpled-head hex bolts have a minimum tensile strength of 160,000 psi and a minimum shear strength of 95,000 psi. Thread length is consistent within each diameter (1103/6203 series have a shorter thread), and grips are available in 1/16” increments beginning at 1/16”. Used in applications where a premium-quality, high strength bolt is necessary. They come in different nominal diameters: NAS6203: 3/16 in. (0.1875"), NAS6204: 1/4 in. (0.25"), NAS6205: 5/16 in. (0.3125"), NAS6206: 3/8 in. (0.375"), NAS6208: 1/2 in. (0.500"), NAS6210: 5/8 in. (0.625").

NAS6203 series shear hexagon head bolts with a 10-32" thread supercede NAS1103 high strength bolts. Their shearing feature is used to minimize damage to critical components of the application.They are made from alloy steel with cadmium or chromium finishes and offered in different grips and lengths in inches with undrilled or drilled head and/or shank. They are sold in pieces.

The following letters after the basic part numbers specify the material, finish and drilling condition of these bolts.

No Finish Code for cadmium plated bolts

"C" for chromium plated bolts

"L" for self-locking bolts

"P" for self-locking bolts with patch type locking element only

Grip Dash Number indicating grip in .0625 increments

"D" after the grip dash number for drilled thread bolts

"H" after the grip dash number for bolts with drilled head

More than one code letters may be used in sequence.

For more information, please refer to the supplied documentation or contact us. 

AL5052 is an aluminium alloy, with magnesium and chromium as the primary alloying elements. Although It is non heat-treatable, it is the highest strength alloy of other non-heat-treatable grades also featuring an excellent weldability using most common techniques, high resistance to marine atmoshpere and salt water corrosion, smooth surface, lightweight and high-tensile strength. This alloy is comparable to the 6061 aluminum alloy (AL6061). 

AL5052-O CLAD (ALCLAD) tubes(*) are offered as part of our own branded (AVIATIONEU NEW ERA) product lines along with those from other grade aluminum and steel alloys. Sourced from quality producers, they are offered as Annealed in different outer diameters and wall thicknesses in inches and  cut to order lengths up to 5 ft (60 in.). They can be used for low and medium pressure hydraulic systems, fuel lines and oil lines. Tubing is sold by foot. There is additional cost if manufacturing test reports are required.

For additional information, please refer to our attached Brief Guide on Aluminum Grades & Temper Designations, the supplied documentation or contact us for quotation.

(*) ALCLAD is a corrosion-resistant aluminium sheet formed from high-purity aluminium surface layers metallurgically bonded (rolled onto) to high-strength aluminium alloy core material. As an enhanced sheet for fuselage applications, ALCLAD offers improved fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth while maintaining the strength characteristics of the alloy. ALCLAD also offers improved fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth while maintaining the strength characteristics of the alloy.

Note: AVIATIONEU NEW ERA metals are supplied free from oil stains, dents, inclusions, scratches, oxide discolorations, corrosion, or other defects. In certain cases, metals are additionally protected with PVC film.

Inconel® is a registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation (SMC) for a family of austenitic nickel-chromium-based superalloys. Inconel® suitability for extreme pressure and heat environments and corrosion resistance allow its use in most demanding operating conditions. Even compared to stainless steel, Inconel® has an incredibly high tolerance for extreme heat, and doesn’t lose as much tensile strength at 2,000°F as most steel alloys.  Inconel® alloy comes in different grades (variations) such as 600, 601, 617, 625, 686, 690, 693, 718, 725, 751, 783 and others. It also used in the production of pipes, tubes, sheets, strips, plates, round and flat bars, etc. but also in the manufacturing of other products including fittings, flanges or fasteners. Some typical sectors/fields of use of Inconel® alloy include:

Oil and gas extraction industries due to its high temperature resistance and oxidation resistant properties,

Heat treat applications, due to its resistance to extreme temperatures,

Saltwater (Marine) Applications, because of its extraordinary resistance to sodium chloride (salt) at a variety of temperatures,

Jet engines and turbines where they need to withstand extreme temperatures (low or high). At a passenger jet’s standard cruising altitude of 36.000 ft., the average air temperature is -56.3°C (-69.3°F), but the combustion process can exceed temperatures of 1.150°C (2120°F).

AVIATIONEU NEW ERA Inconel® strips are intended for use in different industrial applications. They are offered in strips/strip coils in different Inconel® variations  in a range of  thicknesses, widths and pre-cut or cut to order lengths meeting application requirements. Sourced from quality producers these strips are competitively priced. Unit of measurement for pre-cut strips is each (ea.) while for the cut to order strips is 1 kilogram (kg) unless otherwise stated. Appearing prices are  per unit of sale. Sea/sea-surface transport to customer destination is most commonly used. Appr. time for shipping: within 3 months from the time of order payment, depending on the ordered quantity. Please refer to any attached documentation  and contact us for additional information/clarifications and quotation.

AVIATIONEU NEW ERA high tensile stainless steel threaded bolts are manufactured from AISI 410 stainless steel and heat-treated and machined to minimum of 110-ksi or 760 Mpa tensile strength. They are dual ASTM & ASME certified (ASTM A193 B6: Class 1 Stainless Steel, ASME B1.1 2A/3A Inch Unified Threads and B1.13M 6h Metric Coarse Threads). In addition to their high tensile strength, they exhibit excellent resistance to corrosion, good dimensional stability, durability as well as a long functional work life. They can be used in different industries demanding high tensile strength and corrosion resistance like marine, chemical & petrochemical etc. Sold in in packs (pk) of 25 bolts/pk in different head, body diameters and thread lengths in inches with Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ) 10 packs. Please refer to the attached specifications table. Appearing price is for reference only and differentiates based on wanted bolt sizes. Please contact us for a quotation.

With a modern design, a rigid full composite structure, spacious cabin and a panel equipped with advanced avionics and instruments, PICA 2 Ultralight/LSA single engine low wing aeroplane from H.F DORNA stands out from competition. However, what cathes the eye on the ground becomes an unforgettable flying experience due to the PICA 2 high performance as a result of the aeroplane construction, the powerful BPR-ROTAX 912 UL S2 100 HP engine and the 3-blade SR200B ground adjustable WOODCOMP propeller.  Designed and built in strict conformance with ASTM International standard, with a MTOW of 600 kg, PICA 2 aeroplane qualifies for Ultralight certification under present national rules in the EU countries where the previous 450 kg weight limit has been replaced by a 600 kg (1,320 pounds) MTOW. It also qualifies for operations in the U.S. or other countries accepting FAA Light Sport Aircraft (LSA) certification regulations. Running on MOGAS (95 octane unleaded) or AVGAS 100LL fuel and exhibiting a Low Direct Operating Cost, the PICA 2 Ultralight aeroplane is offered under AVIATIONEU NEW ERA Lease or Buy Programs as a multi purpose aircraft for recreational and business flying, pilot training, aeroclub operations, surveillance or other missions. Depending on the leasing or buy option, a range of support services (*) are also offered including initial airworthiness certification in the country of operations, user training on aircraft operations, supply of spare parts and consummables, aircraft maintenance, insurance etc. For additional information please refer to the supplied documentation or contact us.

(*) Some of these services are prerequisites in the leasing option. 

Socket screws are available in regular cap screw and flat and button type. These screws are used in many industries and applications including  military, aerospace, defense, mechanical, original equipment manufacturers, petro-chemical, power generation & mass transit.  They are generally alloy or stainless steel, but can be provided in monel or other materials. Socket screws are generally of higher precision since the thread tolerances are more stringent. Socket Set Screws come in different sizes and many meet aerospace/military standards. These include AN565 (superseded by NASM565), NAS1081, MS18063, MS18064, MS51021, MS51023, MS51029, MS51031, MS51038, MS51045, MS51963, MS51964, MS51965, MS51966. 

AN565 (NASM565) and MS51963 series are offered as part of our own branded AVIATIONEU NEW ERA product lines. Those included in AN565 (NASM565) series are headless hex and fluted socket set screws while those in MS51963 series are cup point hex socket set screws.  Both are made of high-quality steel and they are designed to deliver maximum holding pressure.They are easy to use and the shape of the hole in the screw is noted in the description. Hexagonal screws can be operated using a standard Allen wrench. Set screws are most typically used to bind parts onto shafts. Available in cup or cone point styles, in different thread sizes and lengths in inches and they are sold in pieces. For more information, please refer to the supplied documentation or contact us.

Cotter pins are used to secure bolts, screws, nuts, and pins. Military standard MS24665 split cotter pins are made from cadmium plated steel, replacing those of AN380 series or passivated corrosion resistant steel (CRES), replacing those of AN381 series. The CRES cotter pins are more resistant to corrosion and also used where heatresisting attributes are desired, such as forward of firewall or  in locations where nonmagnetic material is required. Regardless of their shape or material, all cotter pins serve the same general purpose - safetying. MS24665 split cotter pins are superseded by respective part numbers of NASM24665 series.

MS24665 Series split cotter pins are offered as part of our own branded (AVIATIONEU NEW ERA) product lines in cadmium plated steel or passivated corrosion resistant steel and in different diameters and lengths. Sold in pieces. For more information, please refer to the supplied documentation or contact us.

Structural screws are made of alloy steel, are properly heat treated, and can be used as structural bolts. Those commonly used in aircraft applications are manufactured to aerospace/military standards/specifications. They are offered as part of our own branded (AVIATIONEU NEW ERA) product lines in different materials and finishes, structured in different series based on the standard of their conformance.

AVIATIONEU NEW ERA MS27039 Series structural screws are pan head cross recessed screws equivalent to those of NAS 220 Series. Other structural screws of NAS204 through NAS235 and AN509/AN525 series are also available (see individual product presentations). MS27039 Series screws are fabricated from alloy steel and cadmium plated per specification QQ-P-416A, Type II, Class 3 or Stainless Steel unplated  to MIL-S-6050 or MIL-8695 specifications (designated by the letter "C" in the product part number after MS27039 and before the size number). These screws have 125,000 to 145,000 psi tensile strength. Sourced from quality suppliers, they are offered in different thread sizes and lengths in inches and sold in pieces. For more information, please refer to the supplied documentation or contact us.

AL5052 is an aluminium alloy, with magnesium and chromium as the primary alloying elements. It is  frequently used for general sheet metal work, heat exchangers, flooring panels, rivets and wires, chemical drums and other equipment, pressure vessels, treadplate, containers, and applications.  Alloy 5052 has a good marine atmosphere corrosion resistance of saltwater and excellent workability. Main features of this alloy include: non heat-treatable, excellent weldability, high corrosion resistance, smooth surface, lightweight, high-tensile strength.

Extruded bars/rods from 5052 aluminum alloy are offered as part of our own branded (AVIATIONEU NEW ERA) product lines. They come in different cross sections such as round, rectangular or square. Competitively priced, they are sourced from quality producers.

AVIATIONEU NEW ERA Aluminum 5052 H32 Temper round bars/rods are non-heat treatable, weldable, highly resistant to corrosion, used for marine, chemical and petrochemical applications. They are hardened by cold work and have good forming characteristics and corrosion resistance, including resistance to salt water. Although easily welded, they are not recommended for brazing and soldering applications. Main features of these bars/rods include their corrosion resistance, particularly in marine applications, adaptability to most mechanical and finishing processes although the heavier anodic films may take on a yellowish cast as well as fair machining with the proper set-up. They are offered in different thicknesses, widths and pre cut lengths in inches.

For additional information, please refer to our attached Brief Guide on Aluminum Grades & Temper Designations or contact us for quotation.

Note: AVIATIONEU NEW ERA metals are supplied free from oil stains, dents, inclusions, scratches, oxide discolorations, corrosion, or other defects. In certain cases, metals are additionally protected with PVC film.